Medical Terms Glossary

Name/term:	May also be referred to as:	Explanation:
Abscess		A lump on or under the skin that contains pus.
Abnormal		Unusual / not normal.
Acute (as in an acute medical condition)		Something that comes on quickly and/or lasts for a short time. Note that the exact meaning of "acute" (e.g. what the length of time is defined as) depends on the condition. The opposite of "acute" in this context is "chronic".
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	AIDS	Is an advanced form of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in which the body's cells have severely reduced immunity and are particularly vulnerable to infection and cancer. Not all people that are HIV positive have AIDS and nor will all people that are HIV positive have AIDS at some point in their life.
Adenoids		Are glands found in the roof of the mouth, between the back of the nose and the throat. They produce cells that help fight infections.
Adhesion		Is an abnormal band of scar-like tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body that causes them to stick together.
Adjustment disorder		Occurs when one experiences a strong emotional or behavioural reaction to a stressful event or change in life that is much more intense than would typically be expected.
Adopted		When someone has been legally taken in and brought up by a person or people that aren't their biological parents.
Adrenal gland	Suprarenal gland	A small gland located at the top of each kidney, that makes hormones in the body (like steroid hormones and adrenaline)
Aerial activity		For the purposes of an AA Life application, an aerial activity is an activity where any part of it is carried out at a height of more than 20 metres.
Alcohol abuse	Problem drinking	Refers to the overuse or misuse of alcohol. It is possible to abuse alcohol without being dependent on it.
Alcohol dependence	Alcohol addiction Alcohol use disorder (AUD) Alcoholism	A condition where a person is addicted to consuming (e.g. drinking) alcohol. Symptoms include, but aren't limited to, strong desires or cravings to drink alcohol, or a physical dependence on alcohol to the extent that stopping alcohol use would bring on withdrawal symptoms.
Alzheimer's disease		The most common form of dementia. A condition that can impact many different functions of the brain. People with Alzheimer's disease typically experience a gradual decline in their ability to remember, think, communicate and apply judgement. Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.
Amphetamine	Methamphetamine Meth Speed	A synthetic (man-made) stimulant drug. Certain types can be prescribed by doctors to treat medical conditions. Other types of amphetamines, such as speed and meth, are produced and sold illegally.
Amputation		Refers to the removal of a limb or part of a limb (like a finger or toe).
Anabolic steroids		A synthetic (man-made) version of the steroid hormone that helps build muscle. This can be prescribed by a doctor, but also used illegally to enhance physical performance.
Anaemia		A condition where there's a shortage of healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin. There are different types of anaemia, the most common being iron deficiency anaemia.
Aneurysm		A swelling or bulge in the wall of an artery.
Angina	Angina Pectoris	Chest discomfort or pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It's usually due to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).
Ante-natal depression	Pre-natal depression	Depression that develops during pregnancy. Either parent can be affected by this condition. Factors that may contribute to developing this condition include hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, financial or relationship stress, a lack of social support, a history of previous pregnancy complications or mental health related conditions, fatigue.
Anxiety	Anxiousness	Anxiety is the body's physical response to worry, unease or fear. It can include symptoms like a racing heart, sweaty palms and "butterflies in your stomach". Everyone experiences some anxiety in life, however anxiety disorders involve anxiety symptoms that are overly persistent, extreme for the situation and/or difficult to control.
Appendicitis		Inflammation of the appendix. Is a potentially serious medical condition and it's not unusual for the appendix to be removed in order to treat it.
Appendix		It's located in your lower right abdomen and connected to your large intestine.
Arthritis		Inflammation, swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms include pain and stiffness in the joints.
Asthma	Bronchial asthma Seasonal asthma	Condition in which breathing becomes difficult because of inflammation of the air passages. The breathing difficulties are typically sudden and recurrent 'attacks'. Seasonal asthma is a type of allergic asthma that flares up at certain times if the year, like when it's cold or during hay fever season.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	ADHD ADD	A common neurodevelopmental disorder, that can make it more of a challenge for a person to automatically control their attention, behaviour, emotions etc. Symptoms vary and can change over time. There are three different subgroups of ADHD: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, Predominantly Hyperactive and Impulsive presentation, and Combined Presentation.
Autoimmune disease		A group of conditions where the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks itself. Most of these can cause inflammation and pain in many different parts of the body.
Barrett's Oesophagus		A serious complication of chronic reflux where the normal cells lining the oesophagus (the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) change to being abnormal.
Benign	Non-cancerous Non-malignant	Means something is not cancer, non-cancerous or non-malignant.
Biological		Means being related to someone by blood.
Bipolar disorder	Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder Bipolar affective disorder	A mental health disorder that typically features alternating episodes of mania (e.g. being overly positive and active) and depression (e.g. being very low and inactive).
Bladder		The (urinary) bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
Bleeding		Means the loss of blood from the body, or internal bleeding, like a bruise under the skin or bleeding from an internal organ.
Bladder stone(s)		A bladder stone is a hard mass of minerals present in the bladder. It results from minerals in concentrated urine crystallising.
Blood disorder		Disorders or conditions that affect the ability of blood to function properly
Blood pressure	BP	Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure on the walls of your arteries. It is measured using two numbers: 1) Systolic: This is the top number, or the number to the left of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "120" is the systolic part of the reading. The systolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts). 2) Diastolic: This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "80" is the diastolic part of the reading. The diastolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).
BMI	Body Mass Index Body size Height to weight ratio	Stands for "Body Mass Index". It's commonly used as a measure of someone's build and is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in metres-squared (m²).
Body Dysmorphic Disorder	Body dysmorphia BDD B.D.D	A condition where a person thinks about perceived flaws with their body for long periods each day. This could develop into obsessional or compulsive behaviours, and lead to eating disorders or mental health related conditions such as depression and anxiety.
Brain haemorrhage		A type of stroke where there is bleeding in or around the brain.
Breast screening		Refers to breast surveillance that is done in order to detect breast cancer in it's early stages.
Bronchitis		Is an inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air passages between the mouth and nose and the lungs. It impacts breathing, and those with the condition can also have difficulty clearing heavy mucus from their airways. It can be acute, chronic or recurrent.
Brothers		For the purposes of this application, we mean biological brothers i.e. not step brothers or adopted brothers.
Cancer	Malignant tumour, growth or lesion	Some of the body's cells start to divide uncontrollably and eventually spread into surrounding tissues. Some cancers form tumours while others (e.g. leukaemia) generally do not. Note that not all tumours are cancerous.
Cardiomyopathy		Is a disease of the heart muscle. It makes it harder for the heart to pump blood around the rest of the body.
CBD oil	Cannabidiol oil	An oil made from the cannabis plant which is sometimes used for pain relief and relaxation.
Cerebral palsy	CP	A group of permanent disorders that that affect a person's ability to move, maintain balance and posture. This is usually caused by lack of oxygen to the brain at birth.
Cervical cyst		Cyst of the cervix
Chest infection		An infection that affects your lungs.
Chest pain		Pain or discomfort in the area between your neck and your ribs.
Cholesterol	Lipids	Is a waxy, fat-like substance found in the blood and other tissues within the body. Although cholesterol is needed by the body to build healthy cells, it can lead to health problems when present in amounts outside of a healthy range.
Chronic (as in a chronic medical condition)		Something that comes on slowly and/or lasts for a long time. Note that that the exact meaning of "chronic" (e.g. what the length of time is defined as) depends on the condition. The opposite of "chronic" in this context is "acute".
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome	CFS Myalgic encephalomyelitis (en-sef-uh-lo-mai-lie-tis) ME	A long-term illness with wide-ranging symptoms, the most common of which being persistent and extreme tiredness.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder	COPD Chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD) Emphysema (Em-fuh-see-muh) Chronic bronchitis	COPD is an umbrella term for a group of lung diseases that cause breathing difficulties. The two main conditions are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The most common cause of COPD is exposure to tobacco smoke.
Chronic Pain disorder(s)		A group of disorders that all involve long-term pain as the main symptom. Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is an example of such a disorder.
CIN (as in CIN 1, 2 or 3)		The abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. The number alongside the "CIN" is a grading of the cells - with CIN 1 being the lowest grade.
Cirrhosis		A condition of the liver involving scarring (fibrosis).
Clotting disorder		A disorder where the body isn't able to control how the blood clots.
Cocaine	Coke Crack Cocaine	A man-made substance usually used illegally as a stimulant.
Coeliac disease	Celiac disease	A permanent disease where the small intestine is very sensitive to gluten resulting in inflammation, difficulties absorbing nutrients from glutenous foods and other complications. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley.
Coma		A state of unconsciousness where the brain doesn't respond to sounds or stimulation.
Commercial airline		An airline company that uses planes for carrying goods or people, rather than for military purposes. Air New Zealand, Qantas and Emirates are some examples of commercial airlines.
Compliant		In terms of how "compliant" is used in an AA Life application, it means "acting in accordance with" e.g. another way of saying "Have you been fully compliant with medical advice?" is "Have you been following all the medical advice fully?"
Concussion		A kind of injury caused by trauma to the brain. Often occurs where the head and brain has moved rapidly back and forth, causing the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull resulting in chemical changes and sometimes damage. Some of the signs and symptoms include confusion or feeling dazed, clumsiness, nausea, balance problems, ringing in the ears, noise or light sensitivity.
Confusion		A mental state where someone's ability to think, learn and understand is diminished.
Congenital		A word used to describe something present from birth.
Controlled drug		Usually a drug or chemical where possession is tightly controlled by the government, including some prescription medications.
Cough		The action of trying to clear your throat with a sudden sharp breath.
COVID-19	Coronavirus Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic being declared by the World Health organisation. Most people who get COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. In other instances it can require special treatment or hospitalisation, affect long term health or even result in death. It can affect the lungs and airways but also other areas of the body.
CREST	CREST syndrome Limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis lcSSc Limited Scleroderma	Is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder and a type of scleroderma (which means "hardened skin"). Sometimes it can affect the digestive tract, heart, lungs or kidneys. CREST refers to the 5 main features involved: Calcinosis, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Eosphageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyl, Telangiectasia.
Crohn's disease		An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can lead to things like abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.
Cyst		A fluid-filled sac that can occur in tissue in any part of the body.
Deep Vein Thrombosis	DVT	Is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg, which can lead to serious health complications.
Dementia		A general term for the decline of memory, thinking, the ability to make decisions, and other brain functions. Symptoms will eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. It is not a normal part of aging. There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common.
Depression		A mental health related disorder characterised by persistent low moods. There may also be a range of other symptoms, which vary from person to person.
Dermatitis		A general term used to describe inflammation of the skin
Diabetes	Diabetes Mellitus High blood sugar Abnormal blood sugar	Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas which helps transport glucose (sugar) from the blood stream into the cells in the body where it can be used for energy. Diabetes is a disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin. If not properly treated, the sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. Over time, high blood sugar levels can lead to damage to the body. There are 3 main types of diabetes with the main differences between them being as follows: * Gestational diabetes/Pregnancy related diabetes - where diabetes occurs as a result of pregnancy. The diagnosis may later change to type 2 diabetes if the diabetes continues beyond pregnancy. Gestational diabetes doesn't necessarily require insulin injections, but may require medication. * Type 1 diabetes / Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM): Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas is not able to create insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes MUST be treated with insulin e.g. have insulin injections. * Type 2 diabetes / Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM): Type 2 diabetes is when the body doesn't produce as much insulin as it used to and cannot use the insulin it produces. People with Type 2 diabetes don't necessarily have to be treated with insulin (though they may be).
Diagnose Diagnosed Diagnosis Undiagnosed		To diagnose means to classify or determine on the basis of scientific examination. Example: A person sees a doctor because they feel sick. The doctor is unable to determine what the sickness is and no diagnosis is made i.e. at this time, the sickness is undiagnosed. The doctor then refers the person for some tests and from those tests, determines the unwellness is due to a kidney infection i.e. the person has been diagnosed with a kidney infection.
Dialysis		Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves running a person's blood through a machine that cleans it.
Diastolic		This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "80" is the diastolic part of the reading. The diastolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).
Discomfort		Feeling uncomfortable or having mild pain somewhere in the body.
Disorder		In a medical context, simply means a medical problem.
Dizziness		The sensation of feeling dizzy or losing your balance.
Early-stage		A term used to describe cancer that is in early stages of growth, and may not have spread to other parts of the body.
Eating disorder	Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)	A group of conditions that involve complex and damaging relationships with food, eating, exercise, and body image.
Ecstasy	MDMA	A substance that is a stimulant and psychedelic that is usually used illegally.
Eczema	Atopic dermatitis	A condition that causes the skin to become itchy, red, dry and cracked. Atopic eczema/dermatitis is the most common form of eczema.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome	EHDS EDS	Is a group of inherited genetic disorders that affects connective tissues and can cause hypermobility of joints, skin and blood vessels
Emphysema		Is a form of long-term lung disease. Often emphysema is caused by cigarette smoking.
Endometriosis		A common inflammatory disease, where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) is found in places outside of the uterus. It typically involves the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the tissue that lines the pelvis, and the bowel.
Epilepsy		Epilepsy is a neurological/nervous disorder that affects the brain and causes seizures. There are many types of seizures. Symptoms may include sensory changes, altered awareness, thought, movement and behaviour, and loss of consciousness. Not everyone who experiences a seizure is diagnosed with epilepsy.
Erectile dysfunction	ED Impotence	The inability to get and/or sustain an erection. There are a number of causes including tiredness, stress, or lifestyle factors such as drinking too much alcohol. It can be a side effect of medication, or it can be a symptom of an underlying condition.
Family history		A family history of disease or death, especially occurring at younger ages, may imply that a person is also at increased risk for the same or related illness. Please note that on the AA Life insurance application any questions we do ask about your family history are limited to being about your biological parents, brothers and sisters only.
Fatigue		A more extreme sense of tiredness, lack of energy or exhaustion.
Fatty liver		A condition where there is a build up of extra fat in the liver.
Fibromyalgia	Fibromyalgia syndrome FMS	A long-term condition causing pain or stiffness all over the body. It can also be accompanied by fatigue, and impact sleep, memory and mood.
Fistula		An abnormal connection between an organ and another structure.
Floating kidney	Wandering kidney Nephroptosis Renal ptosis	A condition where the kidney drops down into the pelvis when a person stands up.
Food poisoning	Gastroenteritis	An illness from something someone has eaten or drank. Symptoms often include upset stomach, diarrhoea or vomiting
Freckle		A small, flat patch of light brown colour on the skin.
Gall bladder	Gallbladder	Small organ located just beneath the liver that stores bile (which plays a part in digestion) before releasing it into the intestine.
Gallstone	Cholelithiasis Gall bladder stone	Is a hardened deposit of digestive fluid that has formed in the gall bladder.
Gastro-intestinal tract		The gastro-intestinal tract is a series of organs that is joined by a long twisting tube that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract includes the mouth, throat, oesophagus, stomach, and the small & large intestines, appendix, bowel and anus.
Gender dysphoria	Gender incongruence	Gender dysphoria is a diagnosis that describes the discomfort or distress a person can feel when there is a mismatch between their body and their gender or sense of self. (https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/gender-dysphoria)
General Practitioner	GP General Physician Regular doctor	A general medical doctor who provides medical care in the community.
Gestational diabetes	Pregnancy related diabetes Pregnancy-related diabetes Diabetes while pregnant Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Gestational DM	Gestational diabetes is a particular type of diabetes that occurs in a mother during pregnancy. The diagnosis may later change to type 2 diabetes if the diabetes continues beyond pregnancy. Gestational diabetes doesn't necessarily require insulin injections.
Gland		An organ that produces and releases chemical substances that perform specific functions within the body Human glands include the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
Glandular fever	Infectious mononucleosis Mono	A viral infection that is caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and usually affects teenagers and young adults.
Goitre	Goitre	Is a swelling or enlargement of the thyroid gland. Note that it doesn't necessarily indicate the presence of a tumour or cancer.
Gout		Gout is a common form of arthritis caused by a build up of uric acid in the bloodstream. Gout attacks/flare ups, cause severe pain and swelling in the joints. Gout most commonly affects the big toe, but other joints can be affected. Treatment for gout involves managing uric acid levels in the bloodstream.
Growth		Something that has grown or is in the process of growing.
Haematuria	Blood in the urine	When there is blood visible in the urine, either under a microscope (microscopic) or visible to the eye (macroscopic).
Haemorrhoids	Piles	Swellings containing enlarged blood vessels found inside or around the bottom (the rectum and anus).
Haemochromatosis	Iron overload	A condition in which iron levels in the body build up over many years - unless successfully treated.
Haemophilia		Is a condition where blood doesn't clot properly. It may take longer than normal for bleeding to stop, or cause spontaneous and/or excessive bleeding.
HbA1c	Haemoglobin A1c	HbA1c is your average blood glucose (sugar) levels for the last 2 to 3 months. Mmol/mol is a ratio of two compounds and is the typical unit of measurement for HbA1c. HbA1c is the gold standard for monitoring diabetic control and is also very commonly used in diagnosing diabetes also.
Headache		A painful sensation in any part of the head.
Health professional		Refers to someone who works in the medical profession, like a Doctor or Nurse.
Heart attack	Myocardial infarction MI	A heart attack happens when there is a sudden blockage of an artery that supplies blood to an area of your heart. If the flow of blood isn’t returned quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and starts to die. This damage to the heart muscle could be permanent.
Heart defect		Is a problem with a structure of the heart. A congenital heart defect is a heart defect present from birth.
Heart flutter	Palpitation	When the beats too quickly or skips beats.
Heart murmur		Where a person's heartbeat has an extra or unusual sound caused by the disruption of the blood flow as it travels through the heart.
Heart disease		Heart Disease is a term used to refer to a range of diseases affecting the heart including diseases of blood vessels such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), heart infections, and disorders of the heart muscle and valves.
Heart valve disorder	Valvular heart disease	A disorder where one or more of the heart's 4 valves are damaged, diseased or don’t function properly. This affects the direction the blood flows in from the heart, and the amount of blood flow to the rest of the body.
Hepatitis		Refers to inflammation of the liver and can be caused by a number of things including but not limited to viruses (viral hepatitis) and toxins. There are 5 types of viral hepatitis known as hepatitis A, B, C, D & E.
Hernia		Where an internal part of the body pushes through a weak part of the muscle or surrounding wall of tissue that holds it in place.
Hiatus hernia	Hiatal hernia	Happens when part of the stomach pushes up into the chest cavity, through the diaphragm.
High Blood Pressure	Hypertension	High blood pressure is a common condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is high. This can cause damage to your arteries and other health problems over time.
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	A virus that weakens the immunity of cells in the body (that fight off infections and disease). The virus is primarily spread by sexual contact. It can also be transmitted by infected blood or blood products. It may advance to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) where the body's cells have severely reduced immunity and are particularly vulnerable to infection and cancer.
Hodgkin's disease	Hodgkin's lymphoma	A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.
HPV	Human Papillomavirus	A type of virus that is very common, and certain sub-types of it carry an increased risk of cervical cancer in females.
Huntington's Disease	Huntington's Chorea	It is an inherited (genetic) condition that affects the brain and nervous system that causes a person’s functional abilities to worsen over time.
Hypothyroidism	Underactive thyroid	Condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism	Overactive thyroid Graves' disease	Condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone.
Hypospadias		A condition where the open end of the urethral tube is located somewhere along the underside of the penis or scrotum instead of where it's normally found at the tip of the penis.
Illegal drugs		Drugs that one is not allowed (i.e. against the law) to produce, sell, distribute or consume.
Impaired		Weakened, diminished, damaged, or functioning poorly or inadequately.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance	IGT Pre-diabetes Borderline diabetes	A state where the levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) are in between normal and diabetic levels. People that have this condition do not have diabetes, but are generally considered to be at a higher risk of being diagnosed with diabetes in the future.
Immune system		A network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from things like viruses, bacteria and foreign bodies.
In situ	In-situ Non-invasive Non invasive	In the context of cancer or tumour, "in situ" means that the cancer or tumour cells have not spread from their site of origin, invaded neighbouring tissue, or gone elsewhere in the body.
Infertility		Not being able to get pregnant after more than one year of trying.
Inflammation		In general terms, inflammation is the body's immune system's response to an irritant or injury. More specifically, it’s a localized response which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off whatever is causing the irritation or injury and any damaged tissue. Signs and symptoms of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function.
Irregular		Aberrant, abnormal, atypical or untypical, not uniform or regular.
Irregular heart beat	Arrhythmia	An abnormal condition where one's heart beats, too fast, too slow or irregularly.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	IBS I.B.S	Common digestive system condition that's usually long-term. It's main symptoms are stomach pain or cramps, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation. There is no test for it - typically it will be diagnosed after other conditions suspected of causing the symptoms have been ruled out.
Kidney blood tests	Renal function tests RFTs	Blood test which measures how well the kidneys are working. Abnormalities in these tests can indicate kidney problems.
Kidney disorder	Renal disorder Renal disease Kidney disease	A condition where the kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood through the body properly.
Kidney donation		Where one of a person's two kidneys is donated to someone in need of one. Usually, the remaining kidney enables the donor to live a full life without kidney-related complications.
Kidney Failure	Renal failure	Kidney failure refers to when one or both of the kidneys no longer function well on their own. This means they are unable to remove waste and extra fluid from the body or help control blood pressure. Kidney failure can lead to other health problems or complications. It can be sudden and temporary, or a longer, chronic condition.
Kidney stone(s)	Nephrolithiasis Renal calculi Renal lithiasis Renal stones	Are small hardened lumps of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys, and can cause pain (sometimes called renal colic), infection, and other symptoms.
Lesion		A lesion is a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease.
Leukaemia	Cancer of the blood cells	Leukaemia is a malignant disease (cancer) that affects the blood and bone marrow.
Liver disorder	Liver disease	A condition where the liver is damaged and can't properly filter toxins out of the blood like normal.
Liver Function Test	LFT	Blood test which measures levels of several substances produced by the liver. Abnormalities in these levels can indicate liver problems.
Low blood pressure	Hypotension	Condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is low.
Low mood	Sadness	An emotional state where a person experiences symptoms such as feeling sad, unhappy or teary. It can also be associated with increased, anxiousness, panic or worry and poor self-esteem. If persistent or starts to impact daily life, low mood could be a sign of depression.
Lump		Abnormal bumps or swelling on or under the skin.
Lupus		Is a long term autoimmune disease in which the immune system becomes overactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. There are 2 main forms: Discoid lupus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Lymphoma	Cancer of the lymph nodes Cancer of the lymphatic system Lymphatic cancer	Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that originates in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are an important part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphoma - Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).
Mammogram	Breast screening	A mammogram is a low dose x-ray of the breast tissue, to check for breast cancer.
Marijuana	Cannabis Hash Hashish	A drug made up of the dried and shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the cannabis plant. It is used in a variety of ways, including being eaten, drunk (in a tea), smoked, breathed in through a water pipe (bong) or vape. Other names that it may be called include: Pot, grass, herb, weed, Mary Jane, reefer, skunk, boom, gangster, kif, chronic and ganja.
Mastitis		Condition that causes breast tissue to become painful and inflamed. It's most commonly seen in breastfeeding women and in the first three months after giving birth.
Medical test	Medical investigation Medical check	Any medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases / disorders, their processes and susceptibilities. May or may not involve the use of specialised testing equipment.
Melanoma	Skin cancer (one of several types)	A melanoma is predominantly a type of skin cancer, although some may form at other sites, including the eye or gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract.
Memory loss	Forgetfulness	The inability to remember events for a period of time.
Menstrual condition		A condition relating to a woman's period / monthly cycle.
Mental illness/disorder	Mental health condition	A wide variety of conditions that relate to significant and potentially distressing or disruptive changes to a person's thoughts, emotions or behaviour (or a combination of these).
Migraine		A headache of varying intensity, often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light and sound.
Mole	Naevus	A mole or nevus is a dark spot on our skin comprised of skin cells called melanocytes that have grown in a group rather than individually. Moles are usually brown or black and can appear anywhere on the skin, alone or in groups.
Motor Neurone Disease	MND ALS PBP PMA PLS	Motor neurone diseases are a group of neurological disorders that destroy motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing and swallowing. The main types are: - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) - Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) - Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
Multiple Sclerosis	MS	Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that affects the brain and central nervous system.
Muscle strain	Pulled muscle	Is the stretching or tearing of muscle fibres. Most occur because the muscle has stretched beyond it's limits or because they've been forced to contract too strongly.
Muscular Dystrophy	MD	The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases characterised by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.
Nausea		A feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
Nervous System	Neurological (essentially means "to do with the nervous system")	Note the nervous system doesn't just refer to the nerves. It refers to the system of cells, tissues and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. In humans it consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and parts of the receptor and effector organs.
Neurogenic bladder		Abnormal condition of the bladder where the nerves that control it's function are damaged and prevent the sufferer from being able to fully empty it.
Non-cancerous skin lesion	Benign skin lesion	A region of skin that has suffered damage through injury or disease and that is not cancerous. Eczema, psoriasis and benign cysts near the surface of the skin are 3 examples.
Numbness		A loss of feeling or sensation of touch in a part of the body.
One-off		Something done once only. An isolated event.
Opiates		A drug derived from or related to opium.
Operation		A surgical procedure for treating an injury, ailment, defect, or dysfunction.
Optic neuritis		A condition that occurs when the optic nerve (in the eye) becomes inflamed or damaged, which can cause vision loss in one or both eyes.
Osteoporosis		Condition that causes bones to become brittle, weak and more likely to fracture.
Ovarian cyst		A sac filled with fluid or semisolid material that forms on or inside an ovary.
Pancreas		A large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Secretes hormones and insulin into the blood.
Pancreatitis		Condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed.
Panic attack		A sudden episode of intense fear that can cause physical reactions, like lightheaded or dizziness, sweating, tingling or shaking.
Pap smear	Smear test Cervical smear	A pap smear is a screening method to detect pre-cancerous cells of the cervix. An abnormal pap smear result may be due to the sample being insufficient, or it may be due to the discovery of cells suspected or known having an increased cancer risk e.g. HPV, CIN1, CIN2, CIN3.
Paralysis		The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury.
Parents		For the purposes of this application, we mean biological parents i.e. not step parents or parental guardians.
Parkinson's Disease	PD	Is a disorder of part of the brain. It mainly affects the way the brain co-ordinates the movements of the muscles in various part of the body where symptoms usually include stiffness, shaking (tremor) and slowness of movement.
Peri-natal depression		Peri-natal depression encompasses both ante-natal and post-natal depression, and can occur any time during pregnancy or up to a year after a baby is born. It can also occur after a pregnancy loss. Either parent can be affected by this condition. Factors that may contribute to developing this condition include hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, financial or relationship stress, a lack of social support, a history of previous pregnancy complications or mental health related conditions, fatigue.
Persistent		Continuing to exist or occur over a prolonged period.
Personality disorder		Personality disorders are long-term patterns of behaviour and inner experiences that differ significantly from what is socially/culturally expected. A person with a personality disorder may have aspects of their personality that they find personally debilitating or distressing, and/or challenging for those around them. There are many types of personality disorder including Borderline personality disorder.
Pituitary gland		A small, pea-sized organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that control many bodily functions.
Pneumonia		Is an infection in one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. It causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with pus or fluid which in turn causes breathing difficulties.
Polycystic Kidney Disease	PKD	Is a condition where many cysts develop in the kidneys.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome	PCOS P.C.O.S	Condition affecting ovarian function. People with this condition will typically experience at least two of: * Irregular periods, * Excessive amounts of the hormone androgen, * Enlarged ovaries that contain many fluid-filled sacs.
Polyp		Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroom like stalks. Some polyps are benign and can't turn into cancer whereas others can. Polyps most commonly occur in the colon but can occur elsewhere in the body.
Post-natal depression	Postnatal depression Post natal depression PND Postpartum depression PPD	Depression that develops after pregnancy or pregnancy loss. Either parent can be affected by this condition. Factors that may contribute to developing this condition include hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, financial or relationship stress, a lack of social support, a history of previous pregnancy complications or mental health related conditions, fatigue.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder	PTSD	In post traumatic stress disorder there are commonly flashbacks, nightmares and vivid recollections of an initiating traumatic event, the defining characteristics of which include the ability to invoke fear, horror or helplessness in response to the threat of injury or death.
Premalignant	Precancerous Pre-malignant Pre-cancerous	A condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer.
Prostate disorder		The prostate is a gland about the size of a walnut found in men that secretes a fluid that forms a part of semen. A prostate disorder is any abnormal condition of this gland.
Prostate enlargement		A condition where the prostate gland grows larger.
Prostatitis		Prostatitis is a condition that causes inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be painful. It can also cause pain in the pelvic area, genitals, or groin
Proteinuria	Protein in the urine	Where there is too much protein in the urine. It's not a disease itself, but can be a symptom of kidney problems.
Psoriasis		A skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty, scale-like skin that are normally located on the sufferer's elbows, knees, scalp or lower back. It usually has periods where the symptoms disappear or are relatively mild followed by periods where they return or are of greater severity.
Psoriatic arthritis		A long-term inflammatory condition that affects the joints and the places where tendons and ligaments connect to bones.
Psychiatrist		A medical practitioner specialising in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Psychotic disorders		A person with this condition may experience losing contact with reality and a range of extreme symptoms that typically include: * Hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't real e.g. voices) * Delusions (believing things that aren't true). Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder.
Reactive depression		There are many different factors that can trigger depression. For some people, upsetting or stressful life events, such as grief or bereavement, divorce, illness, redundancy, job or money worries, can be the cause. This is often known as 'reactive depression', where depression is a reaction to the event. Note that while grief and depression have several characteristics in common, grief is an entirely natural response to a loss whereas depression is an illness.
Recreational drugs		Refers to legal and illegal drugs that are used without medical supervision and for non-medical reasons such as enjoyment or leisure. This includes but is not limited to cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin, opiates, and amphetamines such as speed.
Recurrent		Something that happens repeatedly (though not necessarily at regular intervals)
Reflux / GORD	Reflux oesophagitis Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease	Common condition where stomach acid leaks up into the oesophagus (gullet), damaging it.
Reproductive system		The organs involved in the production of offspring. Where biological sex is female, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and the vagina. Where biological sex is male, it includes the prostate, the testes (testicles) and the penis.
Respiratory condition		The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for breathing (mainly the lungs) and a respiratory condition is a condition affecting those organs.
Scleroderma		Condition that results in hard, thickened skin areas and also sometimes internal organs and blood vessels as a result of the immune system attacking connective tissue in the affected areas.
Schizophrenia		Schizophrenia is a type of mental illness with characteristics that can include hallucinations, disorganised speech, paranoia, blunted mood, delusions, withdrawal from reality, illogical thinking and other symptoms.
Seizure	Convulsion Fit	A sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes temporary changes in behaviour, sensations, or awareness.
Sexually Transmitted Infection	STI Sexually Transmitted Disease STD	Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and (STDs) are infections and diseases that are passed on via sexual activity. Infection involves the invasion of the body by microscopic germs that begin to multiply and disease occurs when the signs and symptoms of an illness appear. Examples include but aren't limited to: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), gonorrhoea, Hepatitis B, syphilis, chlamydia.
Sign		In a medical context, a sign is any objective evidence of a disease or disorder i.e. a person other than the person with the sign, can identify it and without need of the person with the sign having to explain what they're experiencing; For example, a doctor might identify a rash on a person who is unaware of it's existence.
Sisters		For the purposes of this application, we mean biological sisters i.e. not step sisters or adopted sisters.
Shortness of breath		Is the feeling of being unable to breathe normally or feeling suffocated. It can feel like an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, or difficulty breathing.
Skin Cancer	Basal Cell Carcinoma BCC Melanoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCC	Cancer of the skin, of which there are 3 common types: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma.
Skin spot		A small blemish, mole, or lesion on the skin.
Sleep disorder		Sleep disorders are abnormal conditions that affect one's sleep and involve problems with the quality, timing and amount of sleep.
Sleep apnoea	Obstructive Sleep Apnoea OSA Restrictive Sleep Apnoea Sleep apnea	Is a common and potentially serious condition in which a person stops breathing for periods of time while asleep. The 2 main types of sleep apnoea are Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Restrictive Sleep Apnoea.
Specialist		A medical physician who has additional training and expertise in a specific area of medicine e.g. a Cardiologist is a heart specialist.
Sponge kidney	Medullary sponge kidney Cacchi-Ricci disease	Is a condition present from birth but not usually noticed until many years later, where tiny cysts form within an inner part of the kidney, that appear sponge-like. These cysts affect the flow of urine where they're present.
Standard drink (of alcohol)		The following are examples of what can be considered a standard drink for the purposes of your AA Life application: * A regular sized can or bottle of beer * A medium sized glass of wine * A 30mL nip, tot or shot of spirits
Stress		A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances
Stroke		A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and food. Minutes without blood cause the brain cells to die.
Sustained		Something is maintained without interruption or weakening, or lasts for a long time.
Symptom		A feature (physical or mental), that's regarded as indicating a disease or disorder that is apparent to the person experiencing it. Feelings of pain or fatigue are examples as the person experiencing them has to communicate them to be known by someone else (such as a doctor for example). Signs can also be identified by someone other than the individual that has them without the person experiencing them communicating their awareness of it e.g. a doctor might notice a rash on a person who is unaware of it's existence.
Systolic		This is the top number, or the number to the left of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "120" is the systolic part of the reading. The systolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts).
Thyroid		Gland in the neck that secretes hormones that control growth and development via metabolism (the chemical processes that occur within us in order to keep us alive)
Tonsils		Are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the back of the throat. They are part of the lymphatic system, that helps fight infections.
Testicular disorders		Any abnormal condition of the testicle or testicles (also known as the testes).
Tingling		Can be described as a slight prickling, stinging, itching, or a burning, "pins and needles" feeling.
Thalassaemia	Thalassemia	Condition of the blood where people don't produce enough haemoglobin or perhaps none at all. There are several types of Thalassaemia. Note that haemoglobin is used in red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body.
Thyroiditis	Hashimoto's disease	Thyroiditis is the inflammation (swelling) of the thyroid gland, resulting in abnormal levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is one of the forms of thyroiditis caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland.
Transient ischaemic attack	TIA Mini-stroke Mini stroke	Is a cerebrovascular event resulting in reversible neurological symptoms that usually last a few minutes. Most symptoms resolve within an hour, but by time-based definition symptoms must resolve within 24 hours.
Transplant		For the purposes of this application, a transplant is where something healthy from one person's body is transferred to another person's body who is in need of it for example a kidney transplant or liver transplant.
Tremor		A condition that includes shaking or trembling movements in one or more parts of your body.
Tuberculosis	TB	A bacterial infection that spreads through the air from person to person. It's caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs, but can affect any part of the body.
Tumour	Neoplasm	An abnormal mass of tissue that may be solid or fluid-filled and may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They may also be pre-malignant (pre-cancerous) meaning that they're not cancerous yet but may (or are likely to) do so.
Type 1 diabetes	Type one diabetes T1DM IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus	A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. People who have Type 1 specifically, MUST be treated with insulin e.g. have insulin injections.
Type 2 diabetes	Type two diabetes T2DM NIDDM Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus	A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. People who have type 2 specifically, don't necessarily have to be treated with insulin (though they may be).
Ulcerative		Means affected by ulcers, which are breaks in the skin or on the surface of an organ that don't heal by themselves.
Ulcerative colitis	Ulcerated colitis Colitis with ulcers UC	Colitis is inflammation of the colon. Ulcerative colitis is a common variant where ulcers develop (when the lining of the colon is damaged and the tissue beneath is exposed).
Ultrasound	USS Sonography	A medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create pictures of the body's tissues and organs.
Urinary tract		The body's drainage system for removing urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
Unusual		For the purposes of this application, this means something abnormal or extraordinary for any normal, healthy person (as opposed to something that might be usual/normal for you because you've had it for a long time and are used to it).
Uterine fibroid	Fibroid of the uterus Uterine myoma Uterine leiomyoma	Uterine fibroids are types of growths made up of fibrous and muscle tissue located in or around the uterus (womb).
Vitamin deficiency		A condition involving the body not having enough of one or more vitamins. Vitamins are tiny nutrients that one's body needs in small quantities for health and growth.
Vomiting		A forceful discharge of stomach contents through the mouth.
Weakness		Can be described as loss of muscle strength, which can feel like you need to use extra effort to move your muscles.
Weight loss surgery	Bariatric surgery Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch Gastric bypass Gastric banding Gastric stapling Gastroplasty Roux-en-Y Sleeve Gastrectomy	A procedure used to treat severe obesity and related conditions.

Name/term:	May also be referred to as:	Explanation:
Abscess		A lump on or under the skin that contains pus.
Abnormal		Unusual / not normal.
Acute (as in an acute medical condition)		Something that comes on quickly and/or lasts for a short time. Note that the exact meaning of "acute" (e.g. what the length of time is defined as) depends on the condition. The opposite of "acute" in this context is "chronic".
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	AIDS	Is an advanced form of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in which the body's cells have severely reduced immunity and are particularly vulnerable to infection and cancer. Not all people that are HIV positive have AIDS and nor will all people that are HIV positive have AIDS at some point in their life.
Adenoids		Are glands found in the roof of the mouth, between the back of the nose and the throat. They produce cells that help fight infections.
Adhesion		Is an abnormal band of scar-like tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body that causes them to stick together.
Adjustment disorder		Occurs when one experiences a strong emotional or behavioural reaction to a stressful event or change in life that is much more intense than would typically be expected.
Adopted		When someone has been legally taken in and brought up by a person or people that aren't their biological parents.
Adrenal gland	Suprarenal gland	A small gland located at the top of each kidney, that makes hormones in the body (like steroid hormones and adrenaline)
Aerial activity		For the purposes of an AA Life application, an aerial activity is an activity where any part of it is carried out at a height of more than 20 metres.
Alcohol abuse	Problem drinking	Refers to the overuse or misuse of alcohol. It is possible to abuse alcohol without being dependent on it.
Alcohol dependence	Alcohol addiction Alcohol use disorder (AUD) Alcoholism	A condition where a person is addicted to consuming (e.g. drinking) alcohol. Symptoms include, but aren't limited to, strong desires or cravings to drink alcohol, or a physical dependence on alcohol to the extent that stopping alcohol use would bring on withdrawal symptoms.
Alzheimer's disease		The most common form of dementia. A condition that can impact many different functions of the brain. People with Alzheimer's disease typically experience a gradual decline in their ability to remember, think, communicate and apply judgement. Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.
Amphetamine	Methamphetamine Meth Speed	A synthetic (man-made) stimulant drug. Certain types can be prescribed by doctors to treat medical conditions. Other types of amphetamines, such as speed and meth, are produced and sold illegally.
Amputation		Refers to the removal of a limb or part of a limb (like a finger or toe).
Anabolic steroids		A synthetic (man-made) version of the steroid hormone that helps build muscle. This can be prescribed by a doctor, but also used illegally to enhance physical performance.
Anaemia		A condition where there's a shortage of healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin. There are different types of anaemia, the most common being iron deficiency anaemia.
Aneurysm		A swelling or bulge in the wall of an artery.
Angina	Angina Pectoris	Chest discomfort or pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It's usually due to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).
Ante-natal depression	Pre-natal depression	Depression that develops during pregnancy. Either parent can be affected by this condition. Factors that may contribute to developing this condition include hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, financial or relationship stress, a lack of social support, a history of previous pregnancy complications or mental health related conditions, fatigue.
Anxiety	Anxiousness	Anxiety is the body's physical response to worry, unease or fear. It can include symptoms like a racing heart, sweaty palms and "butterflies in your stomach". Everyone experiences some anxiety in life, however anxiety disorders involve anxiety symptoms that are overly persistent, extreme for the situation and/or difficult to control.
Appendicitis		Inflammation of the appendix. Is a potentially serious medical condition and it's not unusual for the appendix to be removed in order to treat it.
Appendix		It's located in your lower right abdomen and connected to your large intestine.
Arthritis		Inflammation, swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms include pain and stiffness in the joints.
Asthma	Bronchial asthma Seasonal asthma	Condition in which breathing becomes difficult because of inflammation of the air passages. The breathing difficulties are typically sudden and recurrent 'attacks'. Seasonal asthma is a type of allergic asthma that flares up at certain times if the year, like when it's cold or during hay fever season.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	ADHD ADD	A common neurodevelopmental disorder, that can make it more of a challenge for a person to automatically control their attention, behaviour, emotions etc. Symptoms vary and can change over time. There are three different subgroups of ADHD: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, Predominantly Hyperactive and Impulsive presentation, and Combined Presentation.
Autoimmune disease		A group of conditions where the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks itself. Most of these can cause inflammation and pain in many different parts of the body.
Barrett's Oesophagus		A serious complication of chronic reflux where the normal cells lining the oesophagus (the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) change to being abnormal.
Benign	Non-cancerous Non-malignant	Means something is not cancer, non-cancerous or non-malignant.
Biological		Means being related to someone by blood.
Bipolar disorder	Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder Bipolar affective disorder	A mental health disorder that typically features alternating episodes of mania (e.g. being overly positive and active) and depression (e.g. being very low and inactive).
Bladder		The (urinary) bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
Bleeding		Means the loss of blood from the body, or internal bleeding, like a bruise under the skin or bleeding from an internal organ.
Bladder stone(s)		A bladder stone is a hard mass of minerals present in the bladder. It results from minerals in concentrated urine crystallising.
Blood disorder		Disorders or conditions that affect the ability of blood to function properly
Blood pressure	BP	Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure on the walls of your arteries. It is measured using two numbers: 1) Systolic: This is the top number, or the number to the left of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "120" is the systolic part of the reading. The systolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts). 2) Diastolic: This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "80" is the diastolic part of the reading. The diastolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).
BMI	Body Mass Index Body size Height to weight ratio	Stands for "Body Mass Index". It's commonly used as a measure of someone's build and is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in metres-squared (m²).
Body Dysmorphic Disorder	Body dysmorphia BDD B.D.D	A condition where a person thinks about perceived flaws with their body for long periods each day. This could develop into obsessional or compulsive behaviours, and lead to eating disorders or mental health related conditions such as depression and anxiety.
Brain haemorrhage		A type of stroke where there is bleeding in or around the brain.
Breast screening		Refers to breast surveillance that is done in order to detect breast cancer in it's early stages.
Bronchitis		Is an inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air passages between the mouth and nose and the lungs. It impacts breathing, and those with the condition can also have difficulty clearing heavy mucus from their airways. It can be acute, chronic or recurrent.
Brothers		For the purposes of this application, we mean biological brothers i.e. not step brothers or adopted brothers.
Cancer	Malignant tumour, growth or lesion	Some of the body's cells start to divide uncontrollably and eventually spread into surrounding tissues. Some cancers form tumours while others (e.g. leukaemia) generally do not. Note that not all tumours are cancerous.
Cardiomyopathy		Is a disease of the heart muscle. It makes it harder for the heart to pump blood around the rest of the body.
CBD oil	Cannabidiol oil	An oil made from the cannabis plant which is sometimes used for pain relief and relaxation.
Cerebral palsy	CP	A group of permanent disorders that that affect a person's ability to move, maintain balance and posture. This is usually caused by lack of oxygen to the brain at birth.
Cervical cyst		Cyst of the cervix
Chest infection		An infection that affects your lungs.
Chest pain		Pain or discomfort in the area between your neck and your ribs.
Cholesterol	Lipids	Is a waxy, fat-like substance found in the blood and other tissues within the body. Although cholesterol is needed by the body to build healthy cells, it can lead to health problems when present in amounts outside of a healthy range.
Chronic (as in a chronic medical condition)		Something that comes on slowly and/or lasts for a long time. Note that that the exact meaning of "chronic" (e.g. what the length of time is defined as) depends on the condition. The opposite of "chronic" in this context is "acute".
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome	CFS Myalgic encephalomyelitis (en-sef-uh-lo-mai-lie-tis) ME	A long-term illness with wide-ranging symptoms, the most common of which being persistent and extreme tiredness.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder	COPD Chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD) Emphysema (Em-fuh-see-muh) Chronic bronchitis	COPD is an umbrella term for a group of lung diseases that cause breathing difficulties. The two main conditions are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The most common cause of COPD is exposure to tobacco smoke.
Chronic Pain disorder(s)		A group of disorders that all involve long-term pain as the main symptom. Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is an example of such a disorder.
CIN (as in CIN 1, 2 or 3)		The abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. The number alongside the "CIN" is a grading of the cells - with CIN 1 being the lowest grade.
Cirrhosis		A condition of the liver involving scarring (fibrosis).
Clotting disorder		A disorder where the body isn't able to control how the blood clots.
Cocaine	Coke Crack Cocaine	A man-made substance usually used illegally as a stimulant.
Coeliac disease	Celiac disease	A permanent disease where the small intestine is very sensitive to gluten resulting in inflammation, difficulties absorbing nutrients from glutenous foods and other complications. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley.
Coma		A state of unconsciousness where the brain doesn't respond to sounds or stimulation.
Commercial airline		An airline company that uses planes for carrying goods or people, rather than for military purposes. Air New Zealand, Qantas and Emirates are some examples of commercial airlines.
Compliant		In terms of how "compliant" is used in an AA Life application, it means "acting in accordance with" e.g. another way of saying "Have you been fully compliant with medical advice?" is "Have you been following all the medical advice fully?"
Concussion		A kind of injury caused by trauma to the brain. Often occurs where the head and brain has moved rapidly back and forth, causing the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull resulting in chemical changes and sometimes damage. Some of the signs and symptoms include confusion or feeling dazed, clumsiness, nausea, balance problems, ringing in the ears, noise or light sensitivity.
Confusion		A mental state where someone's ability to think, learn and understand is diminished.
Congenital		A word used to describe something present from birth.
Controlled drug		Usually a drug or chemical where possession is tightly controlled by the government, including some prescription medications.
Cough		The action of trying to clear your throat with a sudden sharp breath.
COVID-19	Coronavirus Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic being declared by the World Health organisation. Most people who get COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. In other instances it can require special treatment or hospitalisation, affect long term health or even result in death. It can affect the lungs and airways but also other areas of the body.
CREST	CREST syndrome Limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis lcSSc Limited Scleroderma	Is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder and a type of scleroderma (which means "hardened skin"). Sometimes it can affect the digestive tract, heart, lungs or kidneys. CREST refers to the 5 main features involved: Calcinosis, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Eosphageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyl, Telangiectasia.
Crohn's disease		An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can lead to things like abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.
Cyst		A fluid-filled sac that can occur in tissue in any part of the body.
Deep Vein Thrombosis	DVT	Is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg, which can lead to serious health complications.
Dementia		A general term for the decline of memory, thinking, the ability to make decisions, and other brain functions. Symptoms will eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. It is not a normal part of aging. There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common.
Depression		A mental health related disorder characterised by persistent low moods. There may also be a range of other symptoms, which vary from person to person.
Dermatitis		A general term used to describe inflammation of the skin
Diabetes	Diabetes Mellitus High blood sugar Abnormal blood sugar	Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas which helps transport glucose (sugar) from the blood stream into the cells in the body where it can be used for energy. Diabetes is a disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin. If not properly treated, the sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. Over time, high blood sugar levels can lead to damage to the body. There are 3 main types of diabetes with the main differences between them being as follows: * Gestational diabetes/Pregnancy related diabetes - where diabetes occurs as a result of pregnancy. The diagnosis may later change to type 2 diabetes if the diabetes continues beyond pregnancy. Gestational diabetes doesn't necessarily require insulin injections, but may require medication. * Type 1 diabetes / Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM): Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas is not able to create insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes MUST be treated with insulin e.g. have insulin injections. * Type 2 diabetes / Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM): Type 2 diabetes is when the body doesn't produce as much insulin as it used to and cannot use the insulin it produces. People with Type 2 diabetes don't necessarily have to be treated with insulin (though they may be).
Diagnose Diagnosed Diagnosis Undiagnosed		To diagnose means to classify or determine on the basis of scientific examination. Example: A person sees a doctor because they feel sick. The doctor is unable to determine what the sickness is and no diagnosis is made i.e. at this time, the sickness is undiagnosed. The doctor then refers the person for some tests and from those tests, determines the unwellness is due to a kidney infection i.e. the person has been diagnosed with a kidney infection.
Dialysis		Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves running a person's blood through a machine that cleans it.
Diastolic		This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "80" is the diastolic part of the reading. The diastolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).
Discomfort		Feeling uncomfortable or having mild pain somewhere in the body.
Disorder		In a medical context, simply means a medical problem.
Dizziness		The sensation of feeling dizzy or losing your balance.
Early-stage		A term used to describe cancer that is in early stages of growth, and may not have spread to other parts of the body.
Eating disorder	Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)	A group of conditions that involve complex and damaging relationships with food, eating, exercise, and body image.
Ecstasy	MDMA	A substance that is a stimulant and psychedelic that is usually used illegally.
Eczema	Atopic dermatitis	A condition that causes the skin to become itchy, red, dry and cracked. Atopic eczema/dermatitis is the most common form of eczema.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome	EHDS EDS	Is a group of inherited genetic disorders that affects connective tissues and can cause hypermobility of joints, skin and blood vessels
Emphysema		Is a form of long-term lung disease. Often emphysema is caused by cigarette smoking.
Endometriosis		A common inflammatory disease, where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) is found in places outside of the uterus. It typically involves the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the tissue that lines the pelvis, and the bowel.
Epilepsy		Epilepsy is a neurological/nervous disorder that affects the brain and causes seizures. There are many types of seizures. Symptoms may include sensory changes, altered awareness, thought, movement and behaviour, and loss of consciousness. Not everyone who experiences a seizure is diagnosed with epilepsy.
Erectile dysfunction	ED Impotence	The inability to get and/or sustain an erection. There are a number of causes including tiredness, stress, or lifestyle factors such as drinking too much alcohol. It can be a side effect of medication, or it can be a symptom of an underlying condition.
Family history		A family history of disease or death, especially occurring at younger ages, may imply that a person is also at increased risk for the same or related illness. Please note that on the AA Life insurance application any questions we do ask about your family history are limited to being about your biological parents, brothers and sisters only.
Fatigue		A more extreme sense of tiredness, lack of energy or exhaustion.
Fatty liver		A condition where there is a build up of extra fat in the liver.
Fibromyalgia	Fibromyalgia syndrome FMS	A long-term condition causing pain or stiffness all over the body. It can also be accompanied by fatigue, and impact sleep, memory and mood.
Fistula		An abnormal connection between an organ and another structure.
Floating kidney	Wandering kidney Nephroptosis Renal ptosis	A condition where the kidney drops down into the pelvis when a person stands up.
Food poisoning	Gastroenteritis	An illness from something someone has eaten or drank. Symptoms often include upset stomach, diarrhoea or vomiting
Freckle		A small, flat patch of light brown colour on the skin.
Gall bladder	Gallbladder	Small organ located just beneath the liver that stores bile (which plays a part in digestion) before releasing it into the intestine.
Gallstone	Cholelithiasis Gall bladder stone	Is a hardened deposit of digestive fluid that has formed in the gall bladder.
Gastro-intestinal tract		The gastro-intestinal tract is a series of organs that is joined by a long twisting tube that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract includes the mouth, throat, oesophagus, stomach, and the small & large intestines, appendix, bowel and anus.
Gender dysphoria	Gender incongruence	Gender dysphoria is a diagnosis that describes the discomfort or distress a person can feel when there is a mismatch between their body and their gender or sense of self. (https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/gender-dysphoria)
General Practitioner	GP General Physician Regular doctor	A general medical doctor who provides medical care in the community.
Gestational diabetes	Pregnancy related diabetes Pregnancy-related diabetes Diabetes while pregnant Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Gestational DM	Gestational diabetes is a particular type of diabetes that occurs in a mother during pregnancy. The diagnosis may later change to type 2 diabetes if the diabetes continues beyond pregnancy. Gestational diabetes doesn't necessarily require insulin injections.
Gland		An organ that produces and releases chemical substances that perform specific functions within the body Human glands include the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
Glandular fever	Infectious mononucleosis Mono	A viral infection that is caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and usually affects teenagers and young adults.
Goitre	Goitre	Is a swelling or enlargement of the thyroid gland. Note that it doesn't necessarily indicate the presence of a tumour or cancer.
Gout		Gout is a common form of arthritis caused by a build up of uric acid in the bloodstream. Gout attacks/flare ups, cause severe pain and swelling in the joints. Gout most commonly affects the big toe, but other joints can be affected. Treatment for gout involves managing uric acid levels in the bloodstream.
Growth		Something that has grown or is in the process of growing.
Haematuria	Blood in the urine	When there is blood visible in the urine, either under a microscope (microscopic) or visible to the eye (macroscopic).
Haemorrhoids	Piles	Swellings containing enlarged blood vessels found inside or around the bottom (the rectum and anus).
Haemochromatosis	Iron overload	A condition in which iron levels in the body build up over many years - unless successfully treated.
Haemophilia		Is a condition where blood doesn't clot properly. It may take longer than normal for bleeding to stop, or cause spontaneous and/or excessive bleeding.
HbA1c	Haemoglobin A1c	HbA1c is your average blood glucose (sugar) levels for the last 2 to 3 months. Mmol/mol is a ratio of two compounds and is the typical unit of measurement for HbA1c. HbA1c is the gold standard for monitoring diabetic control and is also very commonly used in diagnosing diabetes also.
Headache		A painful sensation in any part of the head.
Health professional		Refers to someone who works in the medical profession, like a Doctor or Nurse.
Heart attack	Myocardial infarction MI	A heart attack happens when there is a sudden blockage of an artery that supplies blood to an area of your heart. If the flow of blood isn’t returned quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and starts to die. This damage to the heart muscle could be permanent.
Heart defect		Is a problem with a structure of the heart. A congenital heart defect is a heart defect present from birth.
Heart flutter	Palpitation	When the beats too quickly or skips beats.
Heart murmur		Where a person's heartbeat has an extra or unusual sound caused by the disruption of the blood flow as it travels through the heart.
Heart disease		Heart Disease is a term used to refer to a range of diseases affecting the heart including diseases of blood vessels such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), heart infections, and disorders of the heart muscle and valves.
Heart valve disorder	Valvular heart disease	A disorder where one or more of the heart's 4 valves are damaged, diseased or don’t function properly. This affects the direction the blood flows in from the heart, and the amount of blood flow to the rest of the body.
Hepatitis		Refers to inflammation of the liver and can be caused by a number of things including but not limited to viruses (viral hepatitis) and toxins. There are 5 types of viral hepatitis known as hepatitis A, B, C, D & E.
Hernia		Where an internal part of the body pushes through a weak part of the muscle or surrounding wall of tissue that holds it in place.
Hiatus hernia	Hiatal hernia	Happens when part of the stomach pushes up into the chest cavity, through the diaphragm.
High Blood Pressure	Hypertension	High blood pressure is a common condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is high. This can cause damage to your arteries and other health problems over time.
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	A virus that weakens the immunity of cells in the body (that fight off infections and disease). The virus is primarily spread by sexual contact. It can also be transmitted by infected blood or blood products. It may advance to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) where the body's cells have severely reduced immunity and are particularly vulnerable to infection and cancer.
Hodgkin's disease	Hodgkin's lymphoma	A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.
HPV	Human Papillomavirus	A type of virus that is very common, and certain sub-types of it carry an increased risk of cervical cancer in females.
Huntington's Disease	Huntington's Chorea	It is an inherited (genetic) condition that affects the brain and nervous system that causes a person’s functional abilities to worsen over time.
Hypothyroidism	Underactive thyroid	Condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism	Overactive thyroid Graves' disease	Condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone.
Hypospadias		A condition where the open end of the urethral tube is located somewhere along the underside of the penis or scrotum instead of where it's normally found at the tip of the penis.
Illegal drugs		Drugs that one is not allowed (i.e. against the law) to produce, sell, distribute or consume.
Impaired		Weakened, diminished, damaged, or functioning poorly or inadequately.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance	IGT Pre-diabetes Borderline diabetes	A state where the levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) are in between normal and diabetic levels. People that have this condition do not have diabetes, but are generally considered to be at a higher risk of being diagnosed with diabetes in the future.
Immune system		A network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from things like viruses, bacteria and foreign bodies.
In situ	In-situ Non-invasive Non invasive	In the context of cancer or tumour, "in situ" means that the cancer or tumour cells have not spread from their site of origin, invaded neighbouring tissue, or gone elsewhere in the body.
Infertility		Not being able to get pregnant after more than one year of trying.
Inflammation		In general terms, inflammation is the body's immune system's response to an irritant or injury. More specifically, it’s a localized response which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off whatever is causing the irritation or injury and any damaged tissue. Signs and symptoms of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function.
Irregular		Aberrant, abnormal, atypical or untypical, not uniform or regular.
Irregular heart beat	Arrhythmia	An abnormal condition where one's heart beats, too fast, too slow or irregularly.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	IBS I.B.S	Common digestive system condition that's usually long-term. It's main symptoms are stomach pain or cramps, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation. There is no test for it - typically it will be diagnosed after other conditions suspected of causing the symptoms have been ruled out.
Kidney blood tests	Renal function tests RFTs	Blood test which measures how well the kidneys are working. Abnormalities in these tests can indicate kidney problems.
Kidney disorder	Renal disorder Renal disease Kidney disease	A condition where the kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood through the body properly.
Kidney donation		Where one of a person's two kidneys is donated to someone in need of one. Usually, the remaining kidney enables the donor to live a full life without kidney-related complications.
Kidney Failure	Renal failure	Kidney failure refers to when one or both of the kidneys no longer function well on their own. This means they are unable to remove waste and extra fluid from the body or help control blood pressure. Kidney failure can lead to other health problems or complications. It can be sudden and temporary, or a longer, chronic condition.
Kidney stone(s)	Nephrolithiasis Renal calculi Renal lithiasis Renal stones	Are small hardened lumps of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys, and can cause pain (sometimes called renal colic), infection, and other symptoms.
Lesion		A lesion is a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease.
Leukaemia	Cancer of the blood cells	Leukaemia is a malignant disease (cancer) that affects the blood and bone marrow.
Liver disorder	Liver disease	A condition where the liver is damaged and can't properly filter toxins out of the blood like normal.
Liver Function Test	LFT	Blood test which measures levels of several substances produced by the liver. Abnormalities in these levels can indicate liver problems.
Low blood pressure	Hypotension	Condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is low.
Low mood	Sadness	An emotional state where a person experiences symptoms such as feeling sad, unhappy or teary. It can also be associated with increased, anxiousness, panic or worry and poor self-esteem. If persistent or starts to impact daily life, low mood could be a sign of depression.
Lump		Abnormal bumps or swelling on or under the skin.
Lupus		Is a long term autoimmune disease in which the immune system becomes overactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. There are 2 main forms: Discoid lupus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Lymphoma	Cancer of the lymph nodes Cancer of the lymphatic system Lymphatic cancer	Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that originates in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are an important part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphoma - Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).
Mammogram	Breast screening	A mammogram is a low dose x-ray of the breast tissue, to check for breast cancer.
Marijuana	Cannabis Hash Hashish	A drug made up of the dried and shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the cannabis plant. It is used in a variety of ways, including being eaten, drunk (in a tea), smoked, breathed in through a water pipe (bong) or vape. Other names that it may be called include: Pot, grass, herb, weed, Mary Jane, reefer, skunk, boom, gangster, kif, chronic and ganja.
Mastitis		Condition that causes breast tissue to become painful and inflamed. It's most commonly seen in breastfeeding women and in the first three months after giving birth.
Medical test	Medical investigation Medical check	Any medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases / disorders, their processes and susceptibilities. May or may not involve the use of specialised testing equipment.
Melanoma	Skin cancer (one of several types)	A melanoma is predominantly a type of skin cancer, although some may form at other sites, including the eye or gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract.
Memory loss	Forgetfulness	The inability to remember events for a period of time.
Menstrual condition		A condition relating to a woman's period / monthly cycle.
Mental illness/disorder	Mental health condition	A wide variety of conditions that relate to significant and potentially distressing or disruptive changes to a person's thoughts, emotions or behaviour (or a combination of these).
Migraine		A headache of varying intensity, often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light and sound.
Mole	Naevus	A mole or nevus is a dark spot on our skin comprised of skin cells called melanocytes that have grown in a group rather than individually. Moles are usually brown or black and can appear anywhere on the skin, alone or in groups.
Motor Neurone Disease	MND ALS PBP PMA PLS	Motor neurone diseases are a group of neurological disorders that destroy motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing and swallowing. The main types are: - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) - Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) - Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
Multiple Sclerosis	MS	Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that affects the brain and central nervous system.
Muscle strain	Pulled muscle	Is the stretching or tearing of muscle fibres. Most occur because the muscle has stretched beyond it's limits or because they've been forced to contract too strongly.
Muscular Dystrophy	MD	The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases characterised by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.
Nausea		A feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
Nervous System	Neurological (essentially means "to do with the nervous system")	Note the nervous system doesn't just refer to the nerves. It refers to the system of cells, tissues and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. In humans it consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and parts of the receptor and effector organs.
Neurogenic bladder		Abnormal condition of the bladder where the nerves that control it's function are damaged and prevent the sufferer from being able to fully empty it.
Non-cancerous skin lesion	Benign skin lesion	A region of skin that has suffered damage through injury or disease and that is not cancerous. Eczema, psoriasis and benign cysts near the surface of the skin are 3 examples.
Numbness		A loss of feeling or sensation of touch in a part of the body.
One-off		Something done once only. An isolated event.
Opiates		A drug derived from or related to opium.
Operation		A surgical procedure for treating an injury, ailment, defect, or dysfunction.
Optic neuritis		A condition that occurs when the optic nerve (in the eye) becomes inflamed or damaged, which can cause vision loss in one or both eyes.
Osteoporosis		Condition that causes bones to become brittle, weak and more likely to fracture.
Ovarian cyst		A sac filled with fluid or semisolid material that forms on or inside an ovary.
Pancreas		A large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Secretes hormones and insulin into the blood.
Pancreatitis		Condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed.
Panic attack		A sudden episode of intense fear that can cause physical reactions, like lightheaded or dizziness, sweating, tingling or shaking.
Pap smear	Smear test Cervical smear	A pap smear is a screening method to detect pre-cancerous cells of the cervix. An abnormal pap smear result may be due to the sample being insufficient, or it may be due to the discovery of cells suspected or known having an increased cancer risk e.g. HPV, CIN1, CIN2, CIN3.
Paralysis		The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury.
Parents		For the purposes of this application, we mean biological parents i.e. not step parents or parental guardians.
Parkinson's Disease	PD	Is a disorder of part of the brain. It mainly affects the way the brain co-ordinates the movements of the muscles in various part of the body where symptoms usually include stiffness, shaking (tremor) and slowness of movement.
Peri-natal depression		Peri-natal depression encompasses both ante-natal and post-natal depression, and can occur any time during pregnancy or up to a year after a baby is born. It can also occur after a pregnancy loss. Either parent can be affected by this condition. Factors that may contribute to developing this condition include hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, financial or relationship stress, a lack of social support, a history of previous pregnancy complications or mental health related conditions, fatigue.
Persistent		Continuing to exist or occur over a prolonged period.
Personality disorder		Personality disorders are long-term patterns of behaviour and inner experiences that differ significantly from what is socially/culturally expected. A person with a personality disorder may have aspects of their personality that they find personally debilitating or distressing, and/or challenging for those around them. There are many types of personality disorder including Borderline personality disorder.
Pituitary gland		A small, pea-sized organ at the base of the brain that produces hormones that control many bodily functions.
Pneumonia		Is an infection in one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. It causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with pus or fluid which in turn causes breathing difficulties.
Polycystic Kidney Disease	PKD	Is a condition where many cysts develop in the kidneys.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome	PCOS P.C.O.S	Condition affecting ovarian function. People with this condition will typically experience at least two of: * Irregular periods, * Excessive amounts of the hormone androgen, * Enlarged ovaries that contain many fluid-filled sacs.
Polyp		Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroom like stalks. Some polyps are benign and can't turn into cancer whereas others can. Polyps most commonly occur in the colon but can occur elsewhere in the body.
Post-natal depression	Postnatal depression Post natal depression PND Postpartum depression PPD	Depression that develops after pregnancy or pregnancy loss. Either parent can be affected by this condition. Factors that may contribute to developing this condition include hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, financial or relationship stress, a lack of social support, a history of previous pregnancy complications or mental health related conditions, fatigue.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder	PTSD	In post traumatic stress disorder there are commonly flashbacks, nightmares and vivid recollections of an initiating traumatic event, the defining characteristics of which include the ability to invoke fear, horror or helplessness in response to the threat of injury or death.
Premalignant	Precancerous Pre-malignant Pre-cancerous	A condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer.
Prostate disorder		The prostate is a gland about the size of a walnut found in men that secretes a fluid that forms a part of semen. A prostate disorder is any abnormal condition of this gland.
Prostate enlargement		A condition where the prostate gland grows larger.
Prostatitis		Prostatitis is a condition that causes inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be painful. It can also cause pain in the pelvic area, genitals, or groin
Proteinuria	Protein in the urine	Where there is too much protein in the urine. It's not a disease itself, but can be a symptom of kidney problems.
Psoriasis		A skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty, scale-like skin that are normally located on the sufferer's elbows, knees, scalp or lower back. It usually has periods where the symptoms disappear or are relatively mild followed by periods where they return or are of greater severity.
Psoriatic arthritis		A long-term inflammatory condition that affects the joints and the places where tendons and ligaments connect to bones.
Psychiatrist		A medical practitioner specialising in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Psychotic disorders		A person with this condition may experience losing contact with reality and a range of extreme symptoms that typically include: * Hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't real e.g. voices) * Delusions (believing things that aren't true). Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder.
Reactive depression		There are many different factors that can trigger depression. For some people, upsetting or stressful life events, such as grief or bereavement, divorce, illness, redundancy, job or money worries, can be the cause. This is often known as 'reactive depression', where depression is a reaction to the event. Note that while grief and depression have several characteristics in common, grief is an entirely natural response to a loss whereas depression is an illness.
Recreational drugs		Refers to legal and illegal drugs that are used without medical supervision and for non-medical reasons such as enjoyment or leisure. This includes but is not limited to cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin, opiates, and amphetamines such as speed.
Recurrent		Something that happens repeatedly (though not necessarily at regular intervals)
Reflux / GORD	Reflux oesophagitis Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease	Common condition where stomach acid leaks up into the oesophagus (gullet), damaging it.
Reproductive system		The organs involved in the production of offspring. Where biological sex is female, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and the vagina. Where biological sex is male, it includes the prostate, the testes (testicles) and the penis.
Respiratory condition		The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for breathing (mainly the lungs) and a respiratory condition is a condition affecting those organs.
Scleroderma		Condition that results in hard, thickened skin areas and also sometimes internal organs and blood vessels as a result of the immune system attacking connective tissue in the affected areas.
Schizophrenia		Schizophrenia is a type of mental illness with characteristics that can include hallucinations, disorganised speech, paranoia, blunted mood, delusions, withdrawal from reality, illogical thinking and other symptoms.
Seizure	Convulsion Fit	A sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes temporary changes in behaviour, sensations, or awareness.
Sexually Transmitted Infection	STI Sexually Transmitted Disease STD	Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and (STDs) are infections and diseases that are passed on via sexual activity. Infection involves the invasion of the body by microscopic germs that begin to multiply and disease occurs when the signs and symptoms of an illness appear. Examples include but aren't limited to: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), gonorrhoea, Hepatitis B, syphilis, chlamydia.
Sign		In a medical context, a sign is any objective evidence of a disease or disorder i.e. a person other than the person with the sign, can identify it and without need of the person with the sign having to explain what they're experiencing; For example, a doctor might identify a rash on a person who is unaware of it's existence.
Sisters		For the purposes of this application, we mean biological sisters i.e. not step sisters or adopted sisters.
Shortness of breath		Is the feeling of being unable to breathe normally or feeling suffocated. It can feel like an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, or difficulty breathing.
Skin Cancer	Basal Cell Carcinoma BCC Melanoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCC	Cancer of the skin, of which there are 3 common types: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma.
Skin spot		A small blemish, mole, or lesion on the skin.
Sleep disorder		Sleep disorders are abnormal conditions that affect one's sleep and involve problems with the quality, timing and amount of sleep.
Sleep apnoea	Obstructive Sleep Apnoea OSA Restrictive Sleep Apnoea Sleep apnea	Is a common and potentially serious condition in which a person stops breathing for periods of time while asleep. The 2 main types of sleep apnoea are Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Restrictive Sleep Apnoea.
Specialist		A medical physician who has additional training and expertise in a specific area of medicine e.g. a Cardiologist is a heart specialist.
Sponge kidney	Medullary sponge kidney Cacchi-Ricci disease	Is a condition present from birth but not usually noticed until many years later, where tiny cysts form within an inner part of the kidney, that appear sponge-like. These cysts affect the flow of urine where they're present.
Standard drink (of alcohol)		The following are examples of what can be considered a standard drink for the purposes of your AA Life application: * A regular sized can or bottle of beer * A medium sized glass of wine * A 30mL nip, tot or shot of spirits
Stress		A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances
Stroke		A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and food. Minutes without blood cause the brain cells to die.
Sustained		Something is maintained without interruption or weakening, or lasts for a long time.
Symptom		A feature (physical or mental), that's regarded as indicating a disease or disorder that is apparent to the person experiencing it. Feelings of pain or fatigue are examples as the person experiencing them has to communicate them to be known by someone else (such as a doctor for example). Signs can also be identified by someone other than the individual that has them without the person experiencing them communicating their awareness of it e.g. a doctor might notice a rash on a person who is unaware of it's existence.
Systolic		This is the top number, or the number to the left of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "120" is the systolic part of the reading. The systolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts).
Thyroid		Gland in the neck that secretes hormones that control growth and development via metabolism (the chemical processes that occur within us in order to keep us alive)
Tonsils		Are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the back of the throat. They are part of the lymphatic system, that helps fight infections.
Testicular disorders		Any abnormal condition of the testicle or testicles (also known as the testes).
Tingling		Can be described as a slight prickling, stinging, itching, or a burning, "pins and needles" feeling.
Thalassaemia	Thalassemia	Condition of the blood where people don't produce enough haemoglobin or perhaps none at all. There are several types of Thalassaemia. Note that haemoglobin is used in red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body.
Thyroiditis	Hashimoto's disease	Thyroiditis is the inflammation (swelling) of the thyroid gland, resulting in abnormal levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is one of the forms of thyroiditis caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland.
Transient ischaemic attack	TIA Mini-stroke Mini stroke	Is a cerebrovascular event resulting in reversible neurological symptoms that usually last a few minutes. Most symptoms resolve within an hour, but by time-based definition symptoms must resolve within 24 hours.
Transplant		For the purposes of this application, a transplant is where something healthy from one person's body is transferred to another person's body who is in need of it for example a kidney transplant or liver transplant.
Tremor		A condition that includes shaking or trembling movements in one or more parts of your body.
Tuberculosis	TB	A bacterial infection that spreads through the air from person to person. It's caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs, but can affect any part of the body.
Tumour	Neoplasm	An abnormal mass of tissue that may be solid or fluid-filled and may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They may also be pre-malignant (pre-cancerous) meaning that they're not cancerous yet but may (or are likely to) do so.
Type 1 diabetes	Type one diabetes T1DM IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus	A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. People who have Type 1 specifically, MUST be treated with insulin e.g. have insulin injections.
Type 2 diabetes	Type two diabetes T2DM NIDDM Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus	A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. People who have type 2 specifically, don't necessarily have to be treated with insulin (though they may be).
Ulcerative		Means affected by ulcers, which are breaks in the skin or on the surface of an organ that don't heal by themselves.
Ulcerative colitis	Ulcerated colitis Colitis with ulcers UC	Colitis is inflammation of the colon. Ulcerative colitis is a common variant where ulcers develop (when the lining of the colon is damaged and the tissue beneath is exposed).
Ultrasound	USS Sonography	A medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create pictures of the body's tissues and organs.
Urinary tract		The body's drainage system for removing urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
Unusual		For the purposes of this application, this means something abnormal or extraordinary for any normal, healthy person (as opposed to something that might be usual/normal for you because you've had it for a long time and are used to it).
Uterine fibroid	Fibroid of the uterus Uterine myoma Uterine leiomyoma	Uterine fibroids are types of growths made up of fibrous and muscle tissue located in or around the uterus (womb).
Vitamin deficiency		A condition involving the body not having enough of one or more vitamins. Vitamins are tiny nutrients that one's body needs in small quantities for health and growth.
Vomiting		A forceful discharge of stomach contents through the mouth.
Weakness		Can be described as loss of muscle strength, which can feel like you need to use extra effort to move your muscles.
Weight loss surgery	Bariatric surgery Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch Gastric bypass Gastric banding Gastric stapling Gastroplasty Roux-en-Y Sleeve Gastrectomy	A procedure used to treat severe obesity and related conditions.

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